Comprehensive Solubility Rules Table Dataset
This dataset provides a detailed table of solubility rules for common ionic compounds, including their formulas, solubility status, exceptions, and illustrative examples. It's an essential resource for chemistry studies and research.
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Key Takeaways
- Access 31 key solubility rules for various ions and compounds.
- Explore detailed exceptions and notes for each solubility guideline.
- Download a ready-to-use reference for chemistry coursework and lab work.
- Get practical examples of soluble and insoluble compounds.
Showing 31 of 31
| Ion/Compound Type | Formula | Solubility | Exceptions/Notes | Category | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrates | NO₃⁻ | Soluble | None - all nitrates are soluble | Always Soluble | NaNO₃, KNO₃, AgNO₃, Pb(NO₃)₂ |
| Acetates | CH₃COO⁻ (C₂H₃O₂⁻) | Soluble | Silver acetate is slightly soluble | Always Soluble | NaCH₃COO, KC₂H₃O₂, Ca(CH₃COO)₂ |
| Chlorates | ClO₃⁻ | Soluble | None - all chlorates are soluble | Always Soluble | NaClO₃, KClO₃, Ba(ClO₃)₂ |
| Perchlorates | ClO₄⁻ | Soluble | KClO₄, RbClO₄, CsClO₄ are slightly soluble | Always Soluble | NaClO₄, Mg(ClO₄)₂, Ca(ClO₄)₂ |
| Alkali Metal Ions | Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺ | Soluble | None - all Group 1 salts are soluble | Always Soluble | NaCl, KBr, Li₂SO₄, CsNO₃ |
| Ammonium | NH₄⁺ | Soluble | None - all ammonium salts are soluble | Always Soluble | NH₄Cl, NH₄NO₃, (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄OH |
| Halides (Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻) | Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻ | Mostly Soluble | Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg₂²⁺ halides are insoluble | Soluble with Exceptions | NaCl, KBr soluble; AgCl, PbI₂ insoluble |
| Fluorides | F⁻ | Mostly Soluble | Group 2 fluorides (MgF₂, CaF₂, BaF₂) and PbF₂ are insoluble | Soluble with Exceptions | NaF, KF soluble; CaF₂, BaF₂ insoluble |
| Sulfates | SO₄²⁻ | Mostly Soluble | BaSO₄, PbSO₄, HgSO₄, CaSO₄, SrSO₄, Ag₂SO₄ are insoluble or slightly soluble | Soluble with Exceptions | Na₂SO₄, MgSO₄ soluble; BaSO₄, PbSO₄ insoluble |
| Carbonates | CO₃²⁻ | Mostly Insoluble | Alkali metal and ammonium carbonates are soluble | Insoluble with Exceptions | CaCO₃, BaCO₃ insoluble; Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃ soluble |
| Phosphates | PO₄³⁻ | Mostly Insoluble | Alkali metal and ammonium phosphates are soluble | Insoluble with Exceptions | Ca₃(PO₄)₂, Ag₃PO₄ insoluble; Na₃PO₄ soluble |
| Chromates | CrO₄²⁻ | Mostly Insoluble | Alkali metal and ammonium chromates are soluble; MgCrO₄, CaCrO₄ are soluble | Insoluble with Exceptions | PbCrO₄, BaCrO₄, Ag₂CrO₄ insoluble; K₂CrO₄ soluble |
| Sulfides | S²⁻ | Mostly Insoluble | Alkali metal, alkaline earth, and ammonium sulfides are soluble | Insoluble with Exceptions | CuS, PbS, Ag₂S insoluble; Na₂S, (NH₄)₂S soluble |
| Hydroxides | OH⁻ | Mostly Insoluble | Alkali metal hydroxides are soluble; Ca(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, Ba(OH)₂ are slightly soluble | Insoluble with Exceptions | Fe(OH)₃, Al(OH)₃ insoluble; NaOH, KOH soluble |
| Oxides | O²⁻ | Mostly Insoluble | Alkali metal oxides react with water to form soluble hydroxides; CaO, SrO, BaO slightly soluble | Insoluble with Exceptions | Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃ insoluble; Na₂O reacts with water |
| Sulfites | SO₃²⁻ | Mostly Insoluble | Alkali metal and ammonium sulfites are soluble | Insoluble with Exceptions | CaSO₃, BaSO₃ insoluble; Na₂SO₃ soluble |
| Oxalates | C₂O₄²⁻ | Mostly Insoluble | Alkali metal and ammonium oxalates are soluble | Insoluble with Exceptions | CaC₂O₄, BaC₂O₄ insoluble; Na₂C₂O₄ soluble |
| Silver Chloride | AgCl | Insoluble | Dissolves in NH₃ solution forming [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ | Common Precipitate | White precipitate, Ksp = 1.8 × 10⁻¹⁰ |
| Silver Bromide | AgBr | Insoluble | Less soluble than AgCl | Common Precipitate | Light yellow precipitate, Ksp = 5.0 × 10⁻¹³ |
| Silver Iodide | AgI | Insoluble | Least soluble silver halide | Common Precipitate | Yellow precipitate, Ksp = 8.3 × 10⁻¹⁷ |
| Lead(II) Chloride | PbCl₂ | Slightly Soluble | More soluble in hot water | Common Precipitate | White precipitate, Ksp = 1.7 × 10⁻⁵ |
| Lead(II) Iodide | PbI₂ | Insoluble | More soluble in hot water (golden rain demo) | Common Precipitate | Bright yellow precipitate, Ksp = 7.9 × 10⁻⁹ |
| Lead(II) Sulfate | PbSO₄ | Insoluble | Dissolves in concentrated H₂SO₄ | Common Precipitate | White precipitate, Ksp = 1.6 × 10⁻⁸ |
| Barium Sulfate | BaSO₄ | Insoluble | Very insoluble - used in medical imaging | Common Precipitate | White precipitate, Ksp = 1.1 × 10⁻¹⁰ |
| Calcium Carbonate | CaCO₃ | Insoluble | Dissolves in acid; more soluble in CO₂-rich water | Common Precipitate | White precipitate (limestone, chalk), Ksp = 3.4 × 10⁻⁹ |
| Calcium Sulfate | CaSO₄ | Slightly Soluble | Gypsum, plaster of Paris | Common Precipitate | White solid, Ksp = 2.4 × 10⁻⁵ |
| Iron(III) Hydroxide | Fe(OH)₃ | Insoluble | Dissolves in acid | Common Precipitate | Rust-brown precipitate, Ksp = 6.3 × 10⁻³⁸ |
| Copper(II) Hydroxide | Cu(OH)₂ | Insoluble | Dissolves in NH₃ forming [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ (deep blue) | Common Precipitate | Blue precipitate, Ksp = 2.2 × 10⁻²⁰ |
| Magnesium Hydroxide | Mg(OH)₂ | Slightly Soluble | Milk of Magnesia - antacid | Common Precipitate | White precipitate, Ksp = 1.8 × 10⁻¹¹ |
| Aluminum Hydroxide | Al(OH)₃ | Insoluble | Amphoteric - dissolves in both acid and base | Common Precipitate | White gelatinous precipitate, Ksp = 3 × 10⁻³⁴ |
| Zinc Hydroxide | Zn(OH)₂ | Insoluble | Amphoteric - dissolves in excess NaOH | Common Precipitate | White precipitate, Ksp = 3 × 10⁻¹⁷ |
Use Cases
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- Print the PDF version for a handy, offline reference chart in classrooms or during lab experiments.
- Leverage this dataset to quickly verify the solubility of various compounds for chemical reaction predictions and experimental design.